[영어번역가시험학원] 영한 1급 2교시-사회과학

1급 영·한 번역 2교시
    
※ 다음 3문제 중 1문제를 선택하여 한국어로 번역하시오. [50점]


[문제 1]
The great leader must have a tinge of the transcendental. He must have the clairvoyance to imagine and to believe that things can be otherwise. Gen. George Marshall, who knew a thing or two about leadership, described a leader as "a person who exerts an influence and makes you want to do better than you could."  The true leader is an amateur in the proper, original sense of the word. The amateur does something for the love of it. He pursues his enterprise not for money, not to please the crowd, not for professional prestige nor for assured promotion and retirement at the end―but because he loves it. If he can't help doing it, it's not because of the forces pushing from behind but because of his fresh, amateur's vision of what lies ahead.  Aristocracies are governed by people born to govern; totalitarian societies by people who make ruling their profession. But our representative government must be led by people never born to govern, temporarily drawn from the community and sooner or later sent back home. Democracy is government by amateurs. The progress―perhaps even the survival―of our society depends on the vitality of the amateur spirit in the U.S.A. today and tomorrow.  The two new breeds whose power and prestige menace the amateur spirit are the professionals and the bureaucrats. Both are byproducts of American wealth, American progress. But they can stifle the amateur spirit on which the special quality and vision of our American leaders must depend.  First, the professionals: Professions, as we know them, are a modern phenomenon. The word profession, when it first came into the English language, meant the vows taken by members of the clergy. By the 16th century professions included other vocations in which "a professed knowledge of some department of learning or science is used in its application to the affairs of others."  The spread of professions brings with it the professional fallacy. George Bernard Shaw may have gone too far when he called every profession "a conspiracy against the laity."  But latent in the organization of every profession, unspoken in every professional creed is an article of faith: The profession really exists for the sake of the professionals. Specifically this means that law exists for the sake of lawyers; medicine for the convenience, maintenance and enlightenments of doctors; universities for the sake of professors, etc. The professional temptation goes everywhere.


[문제 2]
The state is a particular type of social organization and in so far as it has intelligible meaning or function it is an agency of the community it regulates. Under all conditions it is a logical confusion to identify the state with the community, with the people, the nation, the country. The people engage in myriad activities, enter into myriad relationships, that by no stretch of language can be called political. The people display myriad differences of opinion, thought, morals, creed, and culture. The government of the state may formally suppress them, but they are still there, no longer in the state system. Unfortunately language abets the confusion of thought. The same words―"United States," "England," "Germany"―denotes both the state and the nation-community. We say indifferently, "the United States makes a treaty" and "The United States is recovering from a depression." The first sentence refers to the state, the second to the country. We speak of the "national" debt―it is the debt of the state, not the country; it is in fact owed to the country. When we say that "Germany overthrew the Weimar Republic," we mean that the people, or a part of the people, overthrew the state, we do not mean that the state overthrew itself. As soon as we begin to think about it we perceive that the state and the community are two different things, that the state is not the community but the political organization of the community. The customs of the people may conflict with the laws of the state. Men and women, as social beings, are not merely citizens of states. They act in other relationships. Their thoughts, their strivings, their fears and hopes, their beliefs, their affections and interests, their family life, lie largely outside the scheme of government altogether. In war or in grave crisis the state commandeers the community, demanding that the citizens forget their other relationships, their other interests, but the cost is always heavy. only at an immense temporary sacrifice does the state even approach the universal partnership that orators such as Edmund Burke have called it.  Now what democracy does is to establish through constitutional forms the principle that the community is more inclusive than, greater than, the state. In many older forms of state, in ancient empires, the distinction was implicit. The scheme of day life, the customs of the people, remained almost untouched by government except for incursions by the taxgatherer and the occasional disruptions of war.


[문제 3]
It seems to me that the most important fact about society is that it is composed of individuals, is completely determined by them, and is completely describable in terms of their activities. There is nothing else―no state or other sort of super-thing, as is often assumed, particularly by those with a metaphysical bias in their thinking. For, given a detailed description of the activities of all the individuals in a society, then one has the material from which one may deduce everything that can be said about the society. This proposition is often not understood.  For one thing, it is sometimes felt that the converse proposition ought to hold, and the converse proposition obviously does not hold. Because if one is given everything that can be said about a society as society, one is not thereby in a position to say everything that can be said about the component individuals. "Society" is a word that applies only to certain aspects of an aggregate of individuals. The proposition is also often misunderstood because it is taken to imply that an individual in society displays no traits except those that could have been inferred from his behavior in an environment in which there were no other individuals.  This, I believe, is a mistake. But the proposition that a society is the total of its individual components has nothing to do with the proposition that in a society the individual displays properties that could not have been inferred from his behavior in a nonsocial environment.  The individual is determined by his total environment, and social environment counts just as much and possibly more than the impersonal environment of "nature." In fact, acceptance of the proposition is by no means inconsistent with the recognition, upon which modern psychologists so delight to insist, that the most important factors in shaping the personality of the individual today are social in origin.  Insistence on the value of the individual seems to satisfy some deep instinctive demand in the genius of our people and our tradition, and as such we may be grateful for it. But the current philosophical arguments by which we seek to justify the value which we thus place on the individual seem to me not sound, for they often rest on a metaphysical basis or such religious considerations as that all human souls were created by God and are of equal in His sight.

번 역사학원,번역자격증시험,번역학원추천,번역가,번역사,번역학원,일어번역학원,중국어번역전문학원,중국어번역사자격증,번역전문학원,번역사자격 증,번역통역학원,일본어번역학원,일본어번역사,중국어번역학원,번역자격증,번역가시험,일본어번역가,일본어번역사자격증,중국어번역사,중국어번 역가/번역사자격증학원/번역사자격증시험학원/일본어번역사자격증학원/일본어번역사자격증전문학원/일본어번역사자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험 안내/중국어번역사자격증시험전문학원/중국어번역사시험학원/중국어번역사자격증시험안내/번역사자격증시험/번역사시험일정/번역사시험일정안내/번 역사시험학원/번역사자격증시험/번역사시험일정/번역사시험일정안내/번역사시험학원/번역사자격증시험/번역사시험일정/번역사시험일정안내/번역사 시험학원/번역사자격증시험/번역사/일본어번역사/중국어번역사/일어번역사/영어번역사/번역사학원/중어번역사/번역사자격증/번역사시험/번역사 자격증학원/번역사자격증시험학원/일본어번역사자격증학원/일본어번역사자격증전문학원/일본어번역사자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험안내/일어번 역학원,영어번역학원,영어번역가,영어번역사,영어번역전문학원,영어번역사학원,영어번역사시험,영어번역사자격증,일본어번역사학원,중국어번역학 원,영어전문학원/번역사영어학원/영어번역/영어번역가시험/영어번역가자격증/영어번역가전문학원/영어번역가학원/영어번역사시험/영어번역사/영 어번역사자격증/영어번역사자격증학원/영어번역사전문학원/영어번역학원,영어번역가,영어번역사,영어번역전문학원,영어번역사학원,영어번역사시 험,영어번역사자격증,영어번역학원,영어번역가,일어번역학원,일본어번역사학원,일본어번역사자격증학원/일본어번역사자격증전문학원/일본어번역사 자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험안내/일본어번역사자격증학원/일본어번역사자격증전문학원/일본어번역사자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험안내/ 일본어번역학원,일본어번역사,일본어번역가,일본어번역사자격증/중국어번역전문학원/중국어번역사자격증/번역전문학원/중국어번역학원/중국어번역 전문학원/중국어번역사자격증/중국어번역사학원/중국어번역사자격증학원/중국어전문학원/중국어번역가자격증/중국어번역사자격증시험안내/중국어번 역사/중국어번역가/중국어번역가전문학원/가 이드/가이드학원/가이드전문학원/관광가이드/관광통역가이드/관광통역가이드학원/가이드자격증/가이드시험/관광가이드시험/관광가이드자격증/관 광가이드학원/여행가이드/통역학원/통역시험/통역자격증/통역어학원/통역사학원/통역번역학원/영어통역/영어통역학원/영어통역사/영어통역가이 드/영어통역가이드학원/영어관광가이드/영어관광가이드학원/영어관광가이드시험/영어가이드/영어관광학원/영어가이드학원/영어관광통역학원/일어 가이드/일어관광가이드/일어관광통역학원/일어통역가이드/일어통역학원/일어통역가이드학원/일본어통역학원/일본어관광학원/일어관광학원/일본어 통역사/일본어가이드/일본어가이드학원/일본어통역가이드/일본어관광통역가이드학원/중국어가이드/중국어가이드학원/중국어통역학원/중국어관광가 이드/중국어관광통역학원/중국어통역가이드/중국어통역가이드학원/중국어관광학원/중국어통역가이드/중국어통역사/관광통역안내원/관광통역안내원 시험/관광통역학원/관광통역가이드/관광통역안내사/관광통역안내사시험/관광통역안내사학원/관광통역안내원학원/관광통역자격증/관광통역안내사자 격증/관광통역안내원자격증/통번역학원/통역학원추천/통역가이드/통역가이드학원/현대번역통역어학원/현대번역통역학원/현대번역통역어학원안내/ 현대번역통역어학원약도/현대번역통역어학원추천/현대번역통역어학원위치/번역사/번역가/번역사학원/번역사시험/번역사자격증/번역가시험/번역가 학원/번역가자격증/번역자격증시험/번역자격증학원/번역학원추천/번역전문학원/번역학원/번역통역학원/번역자격증/영어번역학원/영어번역가/영 어번역사/영어번역전문학원/영어번역사학원/영어번역사시험/영어번역사자격증/영어번역자격증시험/영어번역사자격증시험/영어번역사자격증학원/영 어번역사학원/영어번역시험/일어번역학원/일본어번역학원/일본어번역자격증/일어번역자격증/일어번역시험/일본어번역시험/일본어번역사/일본어번 역가/일어번역사/일어번역가/일본어번역사자격증/일본어번역가자격증/일본어번역자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증학원/일본 어번역사학원/중국어번역사/중국어번역가/중국어번역전문학원/중국어번역/중국어번역학원/중국어번역자격증/중국어번역시험/중국어번역사자격증/ 중국어번역가자격증/중국어번역사자격증학원/중국어번역사자격증시험/

관 광통역학원,가이드자격증,관광가이드시험,관광가이드자격증,관광가이드학원,관광통역가이드,관광통역안내사,통역학원추천,통역가이드,통역가이드 학원,관광통역자격증,여행가이드,외국어학원,통역학원,통역시험,통역자격증,통역어학원,통역사학원,통역번역학원,관광통역사/관광통역사학원/ 통역학원/관광통역학원/통역전문학원/관광통역전문학원/영어통역학원/일어통역학원/일본어통역학원/중국어통역학원/관광통역사/관광통역사학원/ 통역학원/관광통역,영어가이드학원,영어통역학원,통번역학원,통역학원추천,영어통역,영어가이드,영어관광학원,영어통역가이드,영어통역가이드학 원,영어관광가이드,영어관광통역학원,일본어가이드,일어가이드,일어관광가이드,일어관광통역학원,일어통역가이드,일어통역학원,일본어통역학원, 일본어관광학원,여행가이드,일본어관광가이드,일본어관광통역학원,일본어가이드학원,일본어통역가이드,일본어통역가이드학원,일본어관광통역가이드 학원가이드/로컬가이드/로컬가이드자격증/로컬가이드시험/일본현지가이드/일본관광가이드/가이드학원/관광가이드/일본어관광가이드학원/일본로컬 가이드시험/일본로컬가이드자격증시험/일본로컬가이드/영어학원/영어전문학원/영어회화/영어회화학원/영어통역학원/영어번역학원/영어관광가이드 /영어통역가이드/일본어학원/일본어전문학원/일본어회화/일본어회화학원/일본어통역학원/일본어번역학원/일본어관광가이드/일본어통역가이드,중 국어가이드,중국어가이드학원,중국어통역학원,중국어관광통역학원,여행가이드,외국어학원,중국어관광학원,중국어통역가이드,중국어통역가이드학 원,중국어통역사,중국어관광가이드,중국어통역가이드,중국어통역,가이드자격증,중국어통역,중국어통역학원,중국어가이드,중국어통역학원,중국어 가이드학원,중국가이드,중국어통역사,통역가이드,가이드중