[영어번역가자격증시험학원] 영한 1급 2교시-과학기술
※ 다음 3문제 중 1문제를 선택하여 한국어로 번역하시오. [50점]
[문제 1]
When you bake cookies, it is important to ensure that your cooking equipment is not contaminated with other foodstuffs―garlic, say―that might taint the final product. The same is true, on an altogether different scale, when making silicon chips. The standards of cleanliness required in a chip factory or fab far exceed those of even the fussiest chef. Fabs have costly filtering and vacuum systems to keep dust particles away from the chips. But another source of contamination comes when the silicon wafers, each containing dozens of chips, are placed on quartz racks in hot ovens and baked - one of the many stages in the complex chip-making process. The high temperature in the oven (around 1,000℃) causes the quarts rack, which resembles a vertical household CD rack, to release tiny quantities of contaminants, such as dust and oxides, into the air. These particulates can stop a chip from functioning if they land on one of its components―a problem that becomes more acute as chips and their constituent components get smaller and smaller. Repeated heating and cooling also causes the quartz rack to flake, weakening its structure and releasing more particulates. A further problem is that quartz expands less than silicon when heated. This induces stresses in the heavy silicon wafers as they sit on the quartz rack and causes atoms in the wafers to move slightly. Such "slip" is a further cause of chip failure. Finally, the large 300㎜ wafers now used in the most modern fabs are very heavy, and a quartz rack loaded with 100 such wafers may unexpectedly collapse. Such failures are rare, but are very costly when they do occur. To overcome these problems, Integrated Materials Incorporated (IMI), a start-up based in San Jose, California, has designed and built an improved rack made from silicon, rather than quartz. Unlike quartz, which contains impurities such as heavy metals which are released when it is heated, the silicon used to make the new racks is as pure as that used in the wafers being processed. Since it is made of the same material, this means the rack expands and contracts at exactly the same rate as the wafers, reducing stress and slip. The new silicon rack is also thermally stable, and can be used at temperatures as high as 1,350℃ without warping or weakening. Semiconductor-equipment manufacturers tried to make racks out of silicon in the 1970s, but found that it was not rigid enough. Since then, incremental improvements in silicon manufacturing have enabled IMI to overcome this problem and produce racks that are highly resistant to chipping and breakage.
[문제 2]
People who have suffered debilitating stroke often have to cope with impaired muscles that do not work properly. Even a simple act such as standing up from a chair and walking a few steps can become extremely difficult. Stroke victims often have to rely on wheelchairs, sticks, walking frames and other "orthotic" devices to move about. But a new generation of active orthotic devices, capable of augmenting or replacing lost muscle function, is in the works. These devices use an assortment of complex computer and mechanical technology, borrowed from the field of robotics, to help patients get around. They are being made possible by the falling prices and improving performance of sensors, computer control systems and battery technology. As well as benefiting elderly patients with permanent paralysis or muscle dysfunction, such devices could also help people recovering from "arthroscopic" operations. Around 850,000 arthroscopic and knee replacement operations are carried out each year in America alone, and patients require an average of six weeks of rehabilitation before they are fully mobile again. Active orthotic devices could get them back on their feet. Designing such devices presents a number of challenges. The biggest problem is providing enough power to assist the wearer, without making the device too bulky and heavy. Another challenge is devising a responsive and unobtrusive control system that can take readings from several sensors and automatically respond to the wearer's motion by making appropriate movements. Several start-ups are, however, rising to the challenge and readying products for market. Among the firms developing active orthotic devices is Tibion, based in Moffet Field, California. It has developed the Power Knee, a medical device that augments muscle strength in the quadriceps to help the wearer stand, walk and climb stairs. The device is based on recent advances in portable computing, embedded systems, prosthetics and materials, and Tibion expects it to be submitted for regulatory approval next year. America's space agency, NASA, has expressed interest in it, since muscle-augmentation systems might enable astronauts to work in space for longer without getting tired. Another company working in the area is Yobotics, based in Boston, Massachusetts, which has developed a powered device called the RoboKnee. It allows a healthy wearer to perform deep knee bends indefinitely or, at least, until the batteries run out.
[문제 3]
You might think this would be an opportune moment to throw every available resource into developing a human vaccine capable of stopping avian flu. After all, it's spreading like the plague, and health officials openly worry that the world is only a roll of the genetic dice away from a human pandemic that could rival the 1918 Spanish flu, which claimed up to 40 million lives. But the slow-motion reality is less reassuring. Even though there is no available human vaccine for avian flu―meaning the world's population has little defense, physiological or medical, against a possible pandemic―production of a new vaccine won't begin until the disease shows "significant human-to-human transmission," says Dr. Klaus Stohr, head of the influenza team at the World Health Organization(WHO). Under the WHO's aegis, laboratories in the U.S. and in Britain have begun preparing a vaccine seed from viral specimens taken from the current outbreak, but development and testing of the new vaccine could take up to half a year. Even then, says Stohr, "we will not have vaccine available for the whole globe." It would be "unrealistic" to expect more, says Stohr, because starting up a global vaccine-production program on short notice is like trying to turn an aircraft carrier on a dime. Nine pharmaceutical companies make more than 90 percent of the world's influenza vaccine, and they are already tied up producing human-flu vaccine. Diverting those resources to stockpile an avian-flu vaccine that might not be necessary will take up time and would disrupt the supply of human-flu vaccine. "To develop a vaccine up to the point where it can be used for human beings takes a lot of resources," says Professor Paul K.J. Chan, a virologist at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. "We really need to assess that need." The deadly nature of the bird-flu virus presents another obstacle. Flu vaccines are traditionally made from viruses cultured in fertilized hen eggs, but H5N1 is as lethal to the embryo inside an egg as it is to adult birds. Instead, vaccine development will have to use a new process called reverse genetics, in which scientists genetically engineer a weakened version of the virus so that it can grow in eggs and won't pose a threat to the researchers. But given that no vaccine derived from reverse genetics has ever been through full clinical trials, the process might be slower than normal procedures.
번 역사학원,번역자격증시험,번역학원추천,번역가,번역사,번역학원,일어번역학원,중국어번역전문학원,중국어번역사자격증,번역전문학원,번역사자격 증,번역통역학원,일본어번역학원,일본어번역사,중국어번역학원,번역자격증,번역가시험,일본어번역가,일본어번역사자격증,중국어번역사,중국어번 역가/번역사자격증학원/번역사자격증시험학원/일본어번역사자격증학원/일본어번역사자격증전문학원/일본어번역사자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험 안내/중국어번역사자격증시험전문학원/중국어번역사시험학원/중국어번역사자격증시험안내/번역사자격증시험/번역사시험일정/번역사시험일정안내/번 역사시험학원/번역사자격증시험/번역사시험일정/번역사시험일정안내/번역사시험학원/번역사자격증시험/번역사시험일정/번역사시험일정안내/번역사 시험학원/번역사자격증시험/번역사/일본어번역사/중국어번역사/일어번역사/영어번역사/번역사학원/중어번역사/번역사자격증/번역사시험/번역사 자격증학원/번역사자격증시험학원/일본어번역사자격증학원/일본어번역사자격증전문학원/일본어번역사자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험안내/일어번 역학원,영어번역학원,영어번역가,영어번역사,영어번역전문학원,영어번역사학원,영어번역사시험,영어번역사자격증,일본어번역사학원,중국어번역학 원,영어전문학원/번역사영어학원/영어번역/영어번역가시험/영어번역가자격증/영어번역가전문학원/영어번역가학원/영어번역사시험/영어번역사/영 어번역사자격증/영어번역사자격증학원/영어번역사전문학원/영어번역학원,영어번역가,영어번역사,영어번역전문학원,영어번역사학원,영어번역사시 험,영어번역사자격증,영어번역학원,영어번역가,일어번역학원,일본어번역사학원,일본어번역사자격증학원/일본어번역사자격증전문학원/일본어번역사 자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험안내/일본어번역사자격증학원/일본어번역사자격증전문학원/일본어번역사자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험안내/ 일본어번역학원,일본어번역사,일본어번역가,일본어번역사자격증/중국어번역전문학원/중국어번역사자격증/번역전문학원/중국어번역학원/중국어번역 전문학원/중국어번역사자격증/중국어번역사학원/중국어번역사자격증학원/중국어전문학원/중국어번역가자격증/중국어번역사자격증시험안내/중국어번 역사/중국어번역가/중국어번역가전문학원/가 이드/가이드학원/가이드전문학원/관광가이드/관광통역가이드/관광통역가이드학원/가이드자격증/가이드시험/관광가이드시험/관광가이드자격증/관 광가이드학원/여행가이드/통역학원/통역시험/통역자격증/통역어학원/통역사학원/통역번역학원/영어통역/영어통역학원/영어통역사/영어통역가이 드/영어통역가이드학원/영어관광가이드/영어관광가이드학원/영어관광가이드시험/영어가이드/영어관광학원/영어가이드학원/영어관광통역학원/일어 가이드/일어관광가이드/일어관광통역학원/일어통역가이드/일어통역학원/일어통역가이드학원/일본어통역학원/일본어관광학원/일어관광학원/일본어 통역사/일본어가이드/일본어가이드학원/일본어통역가이드/일본어관광통역가이드학원/중국어가이드/중국어가이드학원/중국어통역학원/중국어관광가 이드/중국어관광통역학원/중국어통역가이드/중국어통역가이드학원/중국어관광학원/중국어통역가이드/중국어통역사/관광통역안내원/관광통역안내원 시험/관광통역학원/관광통역가이드/관광통역안내사/관광통역안내사시험/관광통역안내사학원/관광통역안내원학원/관광통역자격증/관광통역안내사자 격증/관광통역안내원자격증/통번역학원/통역학원추천/통역가이드/통역가이드학원/현대번역통역어학원/현대번역통역학원/현대번역통역어학원안내/ 현대번역통역어학원약도/현대번역통역어학원추천/현대번역통역어학원위치/번역사/번역가/번역사학원/번역사시험/번역사자격증/번역가시험/번역가 학원/번역가자격증/번역자격증시험/번역자격증학원/번역학원추천/번역전문학원/번역학원/번역통역학원/번역자격증/영어번역학원/영어번역가/영 어번역사/영어번역전문학원/영어번역사학원/영어번역사시험/영어번역사자격증/영어번역자격증시험/영어번역사자격증시험/영어번역사자격증학원/영 어번역사학원/영어번역시험/일어번역학원/일본어번역학원/일본어번역자격증/일어번역자격증/일어번역시험/일본어번역시험/일본어번역사/일본어번 역가/일어번역사/일어번역가/일본어번역사자격증/일본어번역가자격증/일본어번역자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증시험/일본어번역사자격증학원/일본 어번역사학원/중국어번역사/중국어번역가/중국어번역전문학원/중국어번역/중국어번역학원/중국어번역자격증/중국어번역시험/중국어번역사자격증/ 중국어번역가자격증/중국어번역사자격증학원/중국어번역사자격증시험/
관 광통역학원,가이드자격증,관광가이드시험,관광가이드자격증,관광가이드학원,관광통역가이드,관광통역안내사,통역학원추천,통역가이드,통역가이드 학원,관광통역자격증,여행가이드,외국어학원,통역학원,통역시험,통역자격증,통역어학원,통역사학원,통역번역학원,관광통역사/관광통역사학원/ 통역학원/관광통역학원/통역전문학원/관광통역전문학원/영어통역학원/일어통역학원/일본어통역학원/중국어통역학원/관광통역사/관광통역사학원/ 통역학원/관광통역,영어가이드학원,영어통역학원,통번역학원,통역학원추천,영어통역,영어가이드,영어관광학원,영어통역가이드,영어통역가이드학 원,영어관광가이드,영어관광통역학원,일본어가이드,일어가이드,일어관광가이드,일어관광통역학원,일어통역가이드,일어통역학원,일본어통역학원, 일본어관광학원,여행가이드,일본어관광가이드,일본어관광통역학원,일본어가이드학원,일본어통역가이드,일본어통역가이드학원,일본어관광통역가이드 학원가이드/로컬가이드/로컬가이드자격증/로컬가이드시험/일본현지가이드/일본관광가이드/가이드학원/관광가이드/일본어관광가이드학원/일본로컬 가이드시험/일본로컬가이드자격증시험/일본로컬가이드/영어학원/영어전문학원/영어회화/영어회화학원/영어통역학원/영어번역학원/영어관광가이드 /영어통역가이드/일본어학원/일본어전문학원/일본어회화/일본어회화학원/일본어통역학원/일본어번역학원/일본어관광가이드/일본어통역가이드,중 국어가이드,중국어가이드학원,중국어통역학원,중국어관광통역학원,여행가이드,외국어학원,중국어관광학원,중국어통역가이드,중국어통역가이드학 원,중국어통역사,중국어관광가이드,중국어통역가이드,중국어통역,가이드자격증,중국어통역,중국어통역학원,중국어가이드,중국어통역학원,중국어 가이드학원,중국가이드,중국어통역사,통역가이드,가이드중